According to Wikipedia, the monastery was founded in AD 386 during the reign of the Emperor Theodosius I (375 - 395). Despite it falling into disrepair and disuse many times, it's been restored and rebuilt many times over. Currently, it's a big tourist attraction in that ancient region of Trabzon.
Trabzon, on the Black Sea coast of northeastern Turkey, has been on the world map since 700 BCE. It was a major port city on the Silk Route and a gateway to Iran and the Caucasus region.

["Sumela From Across Valley" by Bjørn Christian Tørrissen (own work http://bjornfree.com/galleries.html). Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons.]
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